The 2-D materials are planar atomic crystals engineered for environments where reduced electron scattering, low friction drag, controlled bandgap behavior and thermal propagation reliability are critical. Their minimal thickness creates fewer internal defects enabling quantum effects that enhance mechanical or electrical performance. Materials like MXenes add surface chemistry benefits while BN delivers insulation with heat conduction. TMDCs help enable logic circuits due to bandgap control from layer thickness.

They are used in membranes for selective filtration, inter-layer catalysts improving reactions, flexible electronics, thermal films, gas barrier shields and subsurface compressive housings. Their adhesion improvements depend on proper layering geometry which stays robust once curing cycles conclude globally. They also enhance sound damping or vibration-protection modules when added as fillers in layered composite housings where geometry stability is needed long enough beyond traditional membrane reinforcements.